Mastering the German Verb “Sein” (To Be) – A Complete Guide

Introduction

The German verb sein (to be) is one of the most essential and frequently used verbs in the German language. It serves as a foundation for constructing sentences and is indispensable for everyday communication. This guide will help you understand how to conjugate sein in various tenses and use it correctly.

Why Is the Verb Sein Important?

Mastering the verb sein is crucial because it appears in many common expressions and forms the basis of many grammatical structures. It’s used to describe states of being, characteristics, time, and more. Knowing how to conjugate sein in different tenses will greatly enhance your ability to communicate in German.

Conjugation of Sein in the Present Tense (Präsens)

The present tense is used to describe actions happening now or general truths. The present tense forms of sein are irregular and must be memorized.

Person	Conjugation	English Translation
ich	bin	I am
du	bist	you are (informal singular)
er/sie/es	ist	he/she/it is
wir	sind	we are
ihr	seid	you are (informal plural)
sie/Sie	sind	they are / you are (formal)

Example Sentences in the Present Tense

• Ich bin müde. – I am tired.
• Bist du hungrig? – Are you hungry?
• Er ist mein Bruder. – He is my brother.
• Wir sind glücklich. – We are happy.
• Ihr seid willkommen. – You are welcome.
• Sie sind Ärzte. – They are doctors.

For more details on the present tense, see our article on the German Present Tense.

Conjugation of Sein in the Simple Past Tense (Präteritum)

The simple past tense is used to describe actions that happened in the past, commonly used in written narratives. The forms of sein in the simple past are also irregular.

Person	Conjugation	English Translation
ich	war	I was
du	warst	you were (informal singular)
er/sie/es	war	he/she/it was
wir	waren	we were
ihr	wart	you were (informal plural)
sie/Sie	waren	they were / you were (formal)

Example Sentences in the Simple Past Tense

• Gestern war ich zu Hause. – Yesterday I was at home.
• Warst du im Kino? – Were you at the cinema?
• Es war kalt letzte Nacht. – It was cold last night.
• Wir waren glücklich. – We were happy.
• Ihr wart spät dran. – You were running late.
• Sie waren im Urlaub. – They were on vacation.

The simple past tense is frequently used with sein. Learn more in our article on the German Simple Past Tense.

Conjugation of Sein in the Present Perfect Tense (Perfekt)

The present perfect tense is used to talk about past events, especially in spoken German. The verb sein is conjugated with itself as the auxiliary verb.

Person	Auxiliary Verb	Past Participle	English Translation
ich	bin	gewesen	I have been
du	bist	gewesen	you have been
er/sie/es	ist	gewesen	he/she/it has been
wir	sind	gewesen	we have been
ihr	seid	gewesen	you have been
sie/Sie	sind	gewesen	they have been / you have been

Example Sentences in the Present Perfect Tense

• Ich bin müde gewesen. – I have been tired.
• Bist du in Berlin gewesen? – Have you been to Berlin?
• Sie ist glücklich gewesen. – She has been happy.
• Wir sind Freunde gewesen. – We have been friends.
• Ihr seid dort gewesen. – You have been there.
• Sie sind beschäftigt gewesen. – They have been busy.

For more on the present perfect tense, read our guide on the German Perfect Tense.

Conjugation of Sein in the Past Perfect Tense (Plusquamperfekt)

The past perfect tense describes actions that had happened before another past action. It is formed with the simple past tense of the auxiliary verb and the past participle.

Person	Auxiliary Verb (Simple Past)	Past Participle	English Translation
ich	war	gewesen	I had been
du	warst	gewesen	you had been
er/sie/es	war	gewesen	he/she/it had been
wir	waren	gewesen	we had been
ihr	wart	gewesen	you had been
sie/Sie	waren	gewesen	they had been / you had been

Example Sentences in the Past Perfect Tense

• Ich war müde gewesen. – I had been tired.
• Hattest du dort gewesen? – Had you been there?
• Er war krank gewesen. – He had been sick.
• Wir waren beschäftigt gewesen. – We had been busy.
• Ihr wart glücklich gewesen. – You had been happy.
• Sie waren Freunde gewesen. – They had been friends.

Learn more about the past perfect tense in our article on the German Past Perfect Tense.

Conjugation of Sein in the Future I Tense (Futur I)

The future I tense is used to talk about actions that will happen in the future. It is formed with the auxiliary verb werden and the infinitive of the main verb.

Person	Auxiliary Verb	Main Verb (Infinitive)	English Translation
ich	werde	sein	I will be
du	wirst	sein	you will be
er/sie/es	wird	sein	he/she/it will be
wir	werden	sein	we will be
ihr	werdet	sein	you will be
sie/Sie	werden	sein	they will be / you will be

Example Sentences in the Future I Tense

• Ich werde glücklich sein. – I will be happy.
• Wirst du bereit sein? – Will you be ready?
• Sie wird dort sein. – She will be there.
• Wir werden Freunde sein. – We will be friends.
• Ihr werdet müde sein. – You will be tired.
• Sie werden erfolgreich sein. – They will be successful.

For more on the future tense, see our guide on the German future I.

Conjugation of Sein in the Future II Tense (Futur II)

The future II tense, or future perfect tense, expresses actions that will have been completed in the future. It is formed with the auxiliary verb werden, the past participle of the main verb, and the auxiliary verb sein or haben in infinitive form.

Person	Auxiliary Verb	Past Participle	Auxiliary Verb (Infinitive)	English Translation
ich	werde	gewesen	sein	I will have been
du	wirst	gewesen	sein	you will have been
er/sie/es	wird	gewesen	sein	he/she/it will have been
wir	werden	gewesen	sein	we will have been
ihr	werdet	gewesen	sein	you will have been
sie/Sie	werden	gewesen	sein	they will have been / you will have been

Example Sentences in the Future II Tense

• Bis dahin werde ich müde gewesen sein. – By then I will have been tired.
• Wirst du dort gewesen sein? – Will you have been there?
• Er wird fertig gewesen sein. – He will have been finished.
• Wir werden erfolgreich gewesen sein. – We will have been successful.
• Ihr werdet glücklich gewesen sein. – You will have been happy.
• Sie werden Freunde gewesen sein. – They will have been friends.

To learn more about the future perfect tense, read our article on the future II Tense.

Conclusion

Understanding the various conjugations of the verb sein is essential for mastering German. While the present and simple past tenses are most commonly used, knowing all the tenses will help you express yourself accurately in different contexts. Regular practice and usage will make these forms second nature. For a comprehensive overview of German tenses, visit our guide on German tenses explained.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is the verb sein irregular?

Sein is an essential verb in German, and like many commonly used verbs in many languages, it is irregular. This irregularity requires memorization.

Which tenses of sein are most commonly used?

The present tense (Präsens) and simple past tense (Präteritum) are the most commonly used forms of sein.

Can sein be used as an auxiliary verb?

Yes, sein is used as an auxiliary verb in forming the perfect tenses of certain verbs, especially verbs of locomotion and change of state.

Are there other important irregular verbs I should learn?

Yes, other important irregular verbs include haben (to have), werden (to become/will), and modal verbs like können (can) and müssen (must).